{"id":8,"date":"2013-03-22T06:59:44","date_gmt":"2013-03-21T21:59:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/muto.nornir.co\/?page_id=8"},"modified":"2023-12-11T22:46:47","modified_gmt":"2023-12-11T13:46:47","slug":"%e7%a0%94%e7%a9%b6","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/muto.nornir.co\/?page_id=8","title":{"rendered":"<!--:ja-->\u7814\u7a76\u30c6\u30fc\u30de<!--:-->\/<!--:en-->Research 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class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">&nbsp;<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p><strong>\u5730\u8cea\u5b66\u7684\u89b3\u5bdf\u304a\u3088\u3072\u3099\u6e2c\u5730\u5b66\u7684\u89b3\u6e2c\u304b\u3089\u77e5\u308b \u4e0b\u90e8\u5730\u6bbb\u30fb\u4e0a\u90e8\u30de\u30f3\u30c8\u30eb\u306e\u6d41\u52d5<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u6b66\u85e4\u3000\u6f64<\/strong>\u30fb\u6728\u6238\u6b63\u7d00\uff082019\uff09\u5730\u5b66\u96d1\u8a8c, 128(5)731-745, doi:10.5026\/jgeography.128.731 (Japanese with English abstract).Flow of Lower Crust and Upper Mantle Inferred from Geological and Geophysical Observations, <strong>Jun Muto<\/strong>, Masaaki Kido, Journal of Geography(Chigaku Zasshi).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u4e0b\u90e8\u5730\u6bbb\u304a\u3088\u3073\u4e0a\u90e8\u30de\u30f3\u30c8\u30eb\u306e\u6d41\u52d5\u7279\u6027\u306f\u3001\u5730\u9707\u30b5\u30a4\u30af\u30eb\u3084\u5cf6\u5f27\u306e\u30b8\u30aa\u30c0\u30a4\u30ca\u30df\u30af\u30b9\u3092\u5b9a\u91cf\u7684\u306b\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u30d1\u30e9\u30e1\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc\u3067\u3059\u3002\u7279\u306b\u3001\u5730\u9707\u5f8c\u306e\u4f59\u52b9\u5909\u52d5\u306a\u3069\u3001\u9077\u79fb\u7684\u306a\u5730\u6bbb\u5909\u52d5\u306b\u95a2\u9023\u3059\u308b\u5730\u6bbb\u306e\u5909\u5f62\u904e\u7a0b\u306f\u3001\u5b9a\u5e38\u7684\u306a\u5909\u5f62\u904e\u7a0b\u306b\u6bd4\u3079\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4fe1\u53f7\u5f37\u5ea6\u304c\u5f37\u3044\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u3001\u5730\u4e0b\u306e\u30ec\u30aa\u30ed\u30b8\u30fc\u7279\u6027\u3092\u5b9a\u91cf\u7684\u306b\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u30a4\u30d9\u30f3\u30c8\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u306f\u3001\u65b0\u5b66\u8853\u9818\u57df\u300c\u5730\u6bbb\u30c0\u30a4\u30ca\u30df\u30af\u30b9\u300d\u306e\u7279\u96c6\u53f7\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8fd1\u5e74\u306e\u4e0b\u90e8\u5730\u6bbb\u3068\u4e0a\u90e8\u30de\u30f3\u30c8\u30eb\u306e\u30ec\u30aa\u30ed\u30b8\u30fc\u7279\u6027\u3092\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3059\u308b\u5730\u8cea\u5b66\u7684\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5730\u7403\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u307e\u3068\u3081\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u7279\u306b\u3001\u5de8\u5927\u5730\u9707\u5f8c\u306b\u9077\u79fb\u7684\u306b\u73fe\u308c\u308b\u5730\u6bbb\u5909\u52d5\uff08\u4f59\u52b9\u5909\u52d5\uff09\u306f\u3001\u4e0b\u90e8\u5730\u6bbb\u30fb\u4e0a\u90e8\u30de\u30f3\u30c8\u30eb\u306e\u30ec\u30aa\u30ed\u30b8\u30fc\u7279\u6027\u3084\u9707\u6e90\u65ad\u5c64\u306e\u6469\u64e6\u7279\u6027\u306b\u5f37\u3044\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u6210\u529f\u3057\u305f\u6700\u65b0\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u7d39\u4ecb\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u5730\u8868\u306b\u9732\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u65ad\u5c64\u5ca9\u306e\u5fae\u7d30\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u89b3\u5bdf\u304b\u3089\u3082\u3001\u4e0b\u90e8\u5730\u6bbb\u3068\u4e0a\u90e8\u30de\u30f3\u30c8\u30eb\u306e\u5fdc\u529b\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u3092\u5236\u7d04\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3059\u3002\u5730\u9707\u5f8c\u306e\u4f59\u52b9\u5909\u52d5\u89b3\u6e2c\u304b\u3089\u3001\u4e0a\u90e8\u30de\u30f3\u30c8\u30eb\u5185\u306e\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306a\u5909\u5f62\u904e\u7a0b\u3092\u77e5\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u3001\u5ca9\u77f3\u306e\u3055\u307e\u3056\u307e\u306a\u30ec\u30aa\u30ed\u30b8\u30fc\u7279\u6027\u3092\u8003\u616e\u306b\u5165\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u5730\u4e0b\u306e\u6e29\u5ea6\u69cb\u9020\u304a\u3088\u3073\u542b\u6c34\u91cf\u306e\u4e0d\u5747\u4e00\u6027\u3082\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u3053\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u3067\u306f\u3001\u8fd1\u5e74\u9032\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u6e2c\u5730\u5b66\u7684\u89b3\u6e2c\u306e\u9006\u89e3\u6790\u304b\u3089\u3001\u5730\u4e0b\u306e\u30ec\u30aa\u30ed\u30b8\u30fc\u306e\u4e0d\u5747\u4e00\u6027\u3092\u63a8\u6e2c\u3059\u308b\u6700\u8fd1\u306e\u6d3b\u52d5\u3082\u7d39\u4ecb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u307e\u3060\u307e\u3060\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7814\u7a76\u306f\u7dd2 \u306b\u3064\u3044\u305f\u3070\u304b\u308a\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3001\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u5236\u7d04\u306e\u4e0b\u3067\u3001\u6e2c\u5730\u5b66\u7684\u89b3\u6e2c\u306f\u5ba4\u5185\u3067\u306e\u5ca9\u77f3\u5909\u5f62\u5b9f\u9a13\u3068\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u3001\u4e0b\u90e8\u5730\u6bbb\u304a\u3088\u3073\u4e0a\u90e8\u30de\u30f3\u30c8\u30eb\u306e\u975e\u7dda\u5f62\u6d41\u52d5\u7279\u6027\u3092\u63a8\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3059\u3002<span class=\"c-message__edited_label\" dir=\"ltr\" data-sk=\"tooltip_parent\" aria-describedby=\"sk-tooltip-41300e41-38a4-48ca-87cd-899428f8a297\"> \u3053\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u306f\u3001H31\u306b\u4fee\u4e86\u3057\u305f\u6728\u6238\u6b63\u7d00\u535a\u58eb\u3068\u306e\u5171\u8457\u3067\u767a\u8868\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Flow properties of the lower crust and upper mantle are important parameters for better understanding geodynamics. In particular, they are crucial for quantitatively evaluating the process of stress accumulation and relaxation of seismic faults associated with transient crustal deformation, such as post-seismic deformation. Recent activities to illuminate the rheological properties of the lower crust and upper mantle are reviewed based on geological and geophysical observations. In particular, large, transient crustal deformation places robust constraints on the rheological properties. Careful observations of exhumed fault rocks limit the range of stress levels in the lower crust and upper mantle. Localized flow in the upper mantle from post-seismic observations can also be constrained. Combining detailed geodetic observations and numerical simulations, taking into account various rheological properties of rocks, can constrain the heterogeneity of viscosities possibly related to the heterogeneities of temperature and water content distribution. Furthermore, recent activities to infer rheological heterogeneity from an inversion analysis are also introduced. Under well-constrained conditions, nonlinear flow properties of the upper mantle can be estimated. These activities clearly indicate that various aspects of the rheological(flow) properties of the lower crust and upper mantle can be extracted from the analyses.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u6771\u5317\u6c96\u5730\u9707\u306e\u4f59\u52b9\u5909\u52d5\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6771\u5317\u6c96\u5730\u9707\u306e\u4f59\u52b9\u5909\u52d5\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u8a18\u4e8b\u304c\u51fa\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff082023\u5e746\u67089\u65e5\u3000\u7523\u7d4c\u65b0\u805e\u3000\u6771\u5317\u7248\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!selectors.core.file.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"http:\/\/muto.nornir.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/2023_Sankei20230609_Tohoku.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Sankei20230609_Tohoku\u306e\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u307f\u3002\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-47c04160-fcf5-404c-b966-8d171260716c\" href=\"http:\/\/muto.nornir.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/2023_Sankei20230609_Tohoku.pdf\">Sankei20230609_Tohoku<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/muto.nornir.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/2023_Sankei20230609_Tohoku.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-47c04160-fcf5-404c-b966-8d171260716c\">\u30c0\u30a6\u30f3\u30ed\u30fc\u30c9<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u30b2\u30eb\u30de\u30cb\u30a6\u30e0\u30aa\u30ea\u30d3\u30f3\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u305f\u5909\u5f62\u5b9f\u9a13<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Sawa, S., Miyajima, N., <strong>Muto, J<\/strong>., Nagahama, H. (2021) Strain-induced partial serpentinization of germanate olivine with a small amount of water. American Mineralogist.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sawa, S., <strong>Muto, J.,<\/strong> Miyajima, N., Shiraishi, R., Kido, M., Nagahama, H. (2021)\u3000Strain localization bands in fine-grained aggregates of germanate olivine and pyroxene deformed by a Griggs type apparatus. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 104812, doi:10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2021.104812.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Strain-induced partial serpentinization of germanate olivine with a small amount of water<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6d77\u6d0b\u30d7\u30ec\u30fc\u30c8\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u86c7\u7d0b\u5ca9\u306e\u4e3b\u8981\u69cb\u6210\u7269\u8cea\u3067\u3042\u308b\u86c7\u7d0b\u77f3\u306f\u542b\u6c34\u9271\u7269\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5730\u4e0b60\uff0d300 km\u3067\u767a\u751f\u3059\u308b\u3084\u3084\u6df1\u767a\u5730\u9707\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u9271\u7269\u306e1\u3064\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u9ad8\u5bc6\u5ea6\u306e\u6d77\u6d0b\u30d7\u30ec\u30fc\u30c8\u306e\u5185\u90e8\u306b\u3069\u308c\u3060\u3051\u306e\u6c34\u304c\u6d78\u900f\u3057\u3001\u304b\u3093\u3089\u3093\u77f3\u3068\u53cd\u5fdc\u3057\u3066\u86c7\u7d0b\u77f3\u3092\u4f5c\u308b\u304b\u306f\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u305d\u3053\u3067\u3001\u9650\u3089\u308c\u305f\u6c34\u306e\u91cf\u3067\u3082\u86c7\u7d0b\u77f3\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u3092\u8abf\u3079\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u901a\u5e38\u306e\u30b7\u30ea\u30b1\u30a4\u30c8\u304b\u3093\u3089\u3093\u77f3\u306e\u30a2\u30ca\u30ed\u30b0\u7269\u8cea\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30b2\u30eb\u30de\u30cb\u30a6\u30e0\u304b\u3093\u3089\u3093\u77f3\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u5909\u5f62\u5b9f\u9a13\u3092\u884c\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u7d50\u679c\u3001\u30b5\u30f3\u30d7\u30eb\u306b\u5730\u9707\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3055\u306a\u3044\u5b89\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u3059\u3079\u308a\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3057\u3001\u900f\u904e\u578b\u96fb\u5b50\u9855\u5fae\u93e1\u5206\u6790\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u65ad\u5c64\u306b\u6cbf\u3063\u3066\u30b2\u30eb\u30de\u30cb\u30a6\u30e0\u86c7\u7d0b\u77f3\u306e\u7d30\u7c92\u306a\u677f\u72b6\u7c92\u5b50\u304c\u89b3\u5bdf\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30d5\u30fc\u30ea\u30a8\u5909\u63db\u8d64\u5916\u5206\u5149\u6cd5\u5206\u6790\u3067\u306f\u3001\u86c7\u7d0b\u77f3\u306b\u7531\u6765\u3059\u308b\u30d4\u30fc\u30af\u304c\u30b5\u30f3\u30d7\u30eb\u306e\u5e83\u7bc4\u56f2\u306b\u898b\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u306f\u3001\u6d77\u6d0b\u30d7\u30ec\u30fc\u30c8\u5185\u90e8\u306e\u304b\u3093\u3089\u3093\u77f3\u304c\u5dee\u5fdc\u529b\u4e0b\u3067\u6975\u5c11\u91cf\u306e\u6c34\u306b\u3088\u308a\u86c7\u7d0b\u5ca9\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u5506\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u306f\u3001\u535a\u58eb\u8ab2\u7a0b\u9662\u751f\u3000\u6fa4\u3000\u71e6\u9053\uff08\u5b66\u632f\u7279\u5225\u7814\u7a76\u54e1\uff09\u304f\u3093\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u3001\u74b0\u5883\u5730\u7403\u79d1\u5b66\u56fd\u969b\u5171\u540c\u5927\u5b66\u9662\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\u3000\u30d0\u30a4\u30a8\u30eb\u30f3\u5730\u7403\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff08Bayerischen Geoinstitut\uff09\u306e\u5bae\u5cf6\u3000\u5ef6\u5409\u535a\u58eb\u3068\u306e\u5171\u8457\u3067\u767a\u8868\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Antigorite, a high-pressure polymorph of serpentine, is considered to be the most abundant hydrous mineral in the subduction zone. Although the antigorite is presumed as one of the origins of intermediate-depth earthquakes in the subduction zone, the amount of antigorite is uncertain because the amount of water infiltrated into the oceanic lithosphere is still debated. To investigate whether antigorite can be formed even under the limited availability of water, we conducted the axial deformation experiments of magnesium germanate at 1.2 GPa and T = 500-800 \u2103 using a Griggs-type deformation apparatus. Magnesium germanate is an analog material of magnesium silicate, and the absorbed water in the starting material was eliminated preliminary. Nevertheless, the samples had initially high porosity, and hence the small amount of water (about 200 ppm wt H2O) was retained in the samples. In the samples deformed at 600 \u2103, the stable slip occurred, and TEM analysis revealed that fine-grained platelets of germanate antigorite existed along the faults. Sharp absorption band assigned to the OH stretching vibration of antigorite in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FT-IR) analysis also implies that antigorite widely was formed in the samples deformed at temperature lower than 600 \u2103. Our results indicate that strain-induced hydration of germanate olivine results in antigorite formation even under a small amount of water. Thus, partly hydrated peridotite in the oceanic lithosphere can be formed under slight water infiltration due to high strain accumulated by the subduction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Strain Localization Bands in Fine-grained Aggregates of Germanate Olivine Deformed by a Griggs Type Apparatus<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6b6a\u96c6\u4e2d\u5e2f\u306f\u5468\u56f2\u306e\u5ca9\u77f3\u3068\u7a7a\u9699\u7387\u3084\u900f\u6c34\u7387\u304c\u7570\u306a\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u5ca9\u76e4\u3078\u306eCO2\u8caf\u7559\u3084\u5730\u4e0b\u6c34\u6d78\u900f\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u4e0a\u3067\u91cd\u8981\u3067\u3059\u3002\u6b6a\u96c6\u4e2d\u5e2f\u306f\u5929\u7136\u3084\u5b9f\u9a13\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8106\u6027\u5851\u6027\u9077\u79fb\u9818\u57df\u306b\u76f8\u5f53\u3059\u308b\u5727\u529b\u3067\u5909\u5f62\u3057\u305f\u7a7a\u9699\u7387\u306e\u9ad8\u3044\u7802\u5ca9\u306b\u3088\u304f\u898b\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u7d30\u7c92\u306a\u5b9f\u9a13\u8a66\u6599\u3067\u6b6a\u96c6\u4e2d\u5e2f\u304c\u89b3\u5bdf\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4f8b\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u3053\u3067\u3001\u6570\u30df\u30af\u30ed\u30f3\u30b5\u30a4\u30ba\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d30\u7c92\u306a\u30b2\u30eb\u30de\u30cb\u30a6\u30e0\u304b\u3093\u3089\u3093\u77f3\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u5b9f\u9a13\u3092\u884c\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3053\u308d\u3001\u6570\u767e\u30ca\u30ce\u30b5\u30a4\u30ba\u306e\u7c92\u5b50\u3067\u5145\u586b\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6570\u591a\u304f\u306e\u6b6a\u96c6\u4e2d\u5e2f\u304c\u898b\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u900f\u904e\u96fb\u5b50\u9855\u5fae\u93e1\u3067\u6b6a\u96c6\u4e2d\u5e2f\u3092\u89b3\u5bdf\u3057\u305f\u7d50\u679c\u3001\u5909\u5f62\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u751f\u3058\u305f\u8ee2\u4f4d\uff08\u7d50\u6676\u306e\u9762\u6b20\u9665\uff09\u306b\u6cbf\u3063\u3066\u7c92\u5b50\u304c\u7834\u58ca\u3057\u3001\u6b6a\u96c6\u4e2d\u5e2f\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u6b6a\u96c6\u4e2d\u5e2f\u306e\u5f62\u6210\u306b\u306f\u7c92\u5f84\u306f\u7279\u306b\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5ca9\u77f3\u306e\u7a7a\u9699\u7387\u3068\u5909\u5f62\u5727\u529b\u304c\u91cd\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u5506\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u306f\u3001\u535a\u58eb\u8ab2\u7a0b\u9662\u751f\u3000\u6fa4\u3000\u71e6\u9053\uff08\u5b66\u632f\u7279\u5225\u7814\u7a76\u54e1\uff09\u304f\u3093\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u3001\u74b0\u5883\u5730\u7403\u79d1\u5b66\u56fd\u969b\u5171\u540c\u5927\u5b66\u9662\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u30c9\u30a4\u30c4\u3000\u30d0\u30a4\u30a8\u30eb\u30f3\u5730\u7403\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff08Bayerischen Geoinstitut\uff09\u306e\u5bae\u5cf6\u3000\u5ef6\u5409\u535a\u58eb\u3068\u306e\u5171\u8457\u3067\u767a\u8868\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Strain localization bands are often observed in natural and experimentally deformed porous rocks. Samples used in the majority of the previous studies are natural porous coarse sandstones. Meanwhile, fine-grained aggregates originating from powders have been used as an initial sample of high pressure coaxial deformation experiments. Generally, the compaction for sintering these aggregates is performed before the experiments. No coaxial experiments have been done the compaction of powder under high pressure and low temperature during experiments (cold pressing). This stress state during sintering is close to the transitional regime from brittle fault- ing to cataclastic flow, so there is a possibility that compaction bands which are a type of strain localization bands may form at the cold-pressing stage of deformation in laboratory experiments. We conducted cold pressing experiments of the powder of fine-grained germanate olivine and pyroxene having about 30 % porosity with a Griggs type apparatus. The experiments reveal that compaction bands form in the compacted and sintered sample. As a result of microstructural analysis, grains with high dislocation density rotate and crush with shear strain concentration during compaction. At the end of the compaction, the grain size becomes small, and bands made of fine-grained material form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u6771\u5317\u65e5\u672c\u5f27\u306e\u5f37\u5ea6\u65ad\u9762\u3068\u6771\u5317\u6c96\u5730\u9707\u306e\u4f59\u52b9\u5909\u52d5\u89e3\u6790<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Jun Muto<\/strong>&nbsp;(2011)&nbsp;Rheological&nbsp;structure of northeastern Japan lithosphere based on geophysical observations and rock mechanics.&nbsp;Tectonophysics, 503, 201-206.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u6b66\u85e4\u3000\u6f64<\/strong>\u30fb\u5927\u5712\u3000\u771f\u5b50 (2012) \u6771\u65e5\u672c\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6c96\u5730\u9707\u5f8c\u306e\u4f59\u52b9\u5909\u52d5\u89e3\u6790\u306b\u5411\u3051\u305f\u6771\u5317\u65e5\u672c\u5f27\u30ec\u30aa\u30ed\u30b8\u30fc\u65ad\u9762. \u5730\u8cea\u5b66\u96d1\u8a8c \u7279\u96c6\u53f7\uff08\u6771\u5317\u5730\u65b9\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6c96\u5730\u9707 \uff0d\u7d71\u5408\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u306b\u5411\u3051\u3066\uff0d\uff09, 118, 323-333.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Jun&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>Muto<\/strong>, Bunichiro Shibazaki, Yoshihiro Ito, Takeshi Iinuma, Mako Ohzono, Takumi Matsumoto, Tomomi Okada&nbsp;(2013)&nbsp;Two-dimensional viscosity structure of the northeastern Japan island arc-trench system.&nbsp;Geophys. Res.&nbsp;Lett.,&nbsp;40,&nbsp;1\u20135,&nbsp;doi:10.1002\/grl.50906.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Jun Muto<\/strong>, James D. P. Moore, Sylvain Barbot, Takeshi Iinuma, Yusaku Ohta, Hikaru Iwamori (2019) Coupled afterslip and transient mantle flow after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake.&nbsp;<em>Science Advances<\/em>, 5, eaaw1164, doi: 10.1126\/sciadv.aaw1164.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5ca9\u77f3\u9271\u7269\u306e\u30ec\u30aa\u30ed\u30b8\u30fc\u7279\u6027\u306f\uff0c\u5730\u6bbb\u306e\u975e\u5f3e\u6027\u5909\u5f62\uff0c\u5730\u9707\u65ad\u5c64\u3078\u306e\u5fdc\u529b\u96c6\u4e2d\u3084\u5730\u9707\u5f8c\u306e\u4f59\u52b9\u5909\u52d5\u306a\u3069\u306e\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u5730\u6bbb\u5909\u52d5\u306b\u5927\u304d\u304f\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53ca\u307c\u3059\uff0e\u6771\u5317\u65e5\u672c\u5f27\u306e\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u5730\u6bbb\u5909\u5f62\u6d3b\u52d5\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\uff0c\u5730\u7403\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u89b3\u6e2c\u3068\u8fd1\u5e74\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u305f\u5ca9\u77f3\u529b\u5b66\u5b9f\u9a13\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u4f7f\u3044\uff0c\u6771\u5317\u65e5\u672c\u5f27\u306e\u30ec\u30aa\u30ed\u30b8\u30fc\u5f37\u5ea6\u65ad\u9762\u3092\u4f5c\u6210\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u305f\u65ad\u9762\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u6771\u5317\u65e5\u672c\u5f27\u3067\u8d77\u3053\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5730\u6bbb\u5909\u5f62\u6d3b\u52d5\uff08\u5730\u9707\u5f8c\u306e\u4f59\u52b9\u5909\u52d5\u53ca\u3073\u6e2c\u5730\u5b66\u7684\u6b6a\u5834\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3084\u65e2\u5b58\u65ad\u5c64\u306e\u518d\u6d3b\u52d5\u539f\u56e0\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u8b70\u8ad6\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3055\u3089\u306b\uff0c\u5de8\u5927\u5730\u9707\u5f8c\u306e\u4f59\u52b9\u5909\u52d5\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\uff0c\u7c98\u6027\u7de9\u548c\u3092\u8a73\u7d30\u306b\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\uff0c\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u305f\u5f37\u5ea6\u65ad\u9762\u3092\u4f7f\u3044\uff0c\u5730\u9707\u5f8c\u306e\u5fdc\u529b\u964d\u4e0b\u91cf\u3092\u4eee\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\uff0c\u7c98\u6027\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u8a08\u7b97\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u901a\u5e38\u306e\u6e2c\u5730\u5b66\u7684\u306a\u624b\u6cd5\u3067\u4eee\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b1\u6b21\u5143\u6210\u5c64\u7c98\u5f3e\u6027\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u6bd4\u3079\uff0c\u6771\u5317\u65e5\u672c\u5f27\u306f\u5cf6\u5f27\u306b\u76f4\u4ea4\u3059\u308b\u65b9\u5411\u306b\u8457\u3057\u3044\u7c98\u6027\u7387\u306e\u4e0d\u5747\u8cea\u6027\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u6771\u5317\u6c96\u306e\u30d7\u30ec\u30fc\u30c8\u30ab\u30c3\u30d7\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u3092\u8a73\u7d30\u306b\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u6771\u5317\u6c96\u5730\u9707\u4f59\u52b9\u5909\u52d5\u306e\u5b9a\u91cf\u7684\u89e3\u6790\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\uff0c\u30ec\u30aa\u30ed\u30b8\u30fc\u4e0d\u5747\u8cea\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u8003\u616e\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u73fe\u5728\uff0c\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u305f\u4e0d\u5747\u8cea\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u8003\u616e\u3057\u305f\u6771\u5317\u6c96\u5730\u9707\u5f8c\u306e\u4f59\u52b9\u5909\u52d5\u89e3\u6790\u306b\u6311\u6226\u4e2d\uff01\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u306f\u3001\u5efa\u7bc9\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u3000\u829d\u5d0e\u6587\u4e00\u90ce\u4e0a\u5e2d\u7814\u7a76\u54e1\u3001\u5c71\u5f62\u5927\u5b66\u3000\u5927\u5712\u771f\u5b50\u8b1b\u5e2b\u3001Jamstec\u98ef\u6cbc\u5353\u53f2\u535a\u58eb\u3001\u9632\u707d\u79d1\u7814\u3000\u677e\u672c\u62d3\u5df3\u535a\u58eb\u3001\u6771\u5317\u5927\u5b66\u5ca1\u7530\u77e5\u5df1\u51c6\u6559\u6388\u3068\u306e\u5171\u540c\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Two-dimensional viscosity profiles were constructed for the northeastern Japan islands arc-trench system covering the source area of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake. From seismologically determined models of lithospheric structure, experimentally derived constitutive laws of various rocks, and densely measured geothermal gradient data, we have predicted the steady-state effective viscosity across the subduction zone. The profile reveals strong lateral viscosity gradients both parallel and normal to the trench axis. The detailed viscosity structures presented here contribute to accurate evaluation of viscoelastic relaxation components when modeling geodetically measured postseismic deformation at high spatial and temporal resolution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Jun&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>Muto<\/strong>, Bunichiro Shibazaki, &nbsp;Takeshi Iinuma,Yoshihiro Ito, Yusaku Ohta, Satoshi Miura, Yoshihiro Nakai (2016)&nbsp;Heterogeneous rheology controlled postseismic deformation of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, doi:10.1002\/2016GL068113.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span lang=\"ja\" xml:lang=\"ja\">2\u6b21\u5143\u6709\u9650\u8981\u7d20\u30e2\u30c7\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u306b\u5ca9\u77f3\u306e\u30ec\u30aa\u30ed\u30b8\u30fc\u3092\u8003\u616e\u3057\u305f\u6771\u5317\u65e5\u672c\u5f27\u306e\u30ec\u30aa\u30ed\u30b8\u30fc\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3092\u9069\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u30012011\u5e74\u6771\u5317\u5730\u65b9\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6c96\u5730\u9707\u5f8c\u306e\u4f59\u52b9\u5909\u52d5\u306e\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u5316\u3092\u884c\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u6771\u5317\u65e5\u672c\u5cf6\u5f27\u2212\u6d77\u6e9d\u7cfb\u306e\u30ec\u30aa\u30ed\u30b8\u30fc\u4e0d\u5747\u8cea\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u706b\u5c71\u76f4\u4e0b\u306e\u4f4e\u7c98\u6027\u5e2f\u3084\u30ea\u30bd\u30b9\u30d5\u30a7\u30a2\u30fc\u30a2\u30bb\u30ce\u30b9\u30d5\u30a7\u30a2\u5883\u754c\u306a\u3069\u306e\u542b\u3093\u3060\u6211\u3005\u306e\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306f\u3001\u7b2c\u56db\u7d00\u706b\u5c71\u3067\u3042\u308b\u9cf4\u5b50\u706b\u5c71\u5468\u8fba\u3067\u89b3\u6e2c\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5c40\u6240\u7684\uff08\u7a7a\u9593\u30b9\u30b1\u30fc\u30eb20 km\u4ee5\u4e0b\uff09\u306a\u6c88\u4e0b\u306a\u3069\u306e\u4f59\u52b9\u5909\u52d5\u3092\u3046\u307e\u304f\u518d\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u6210\u529f\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u7c98\u5f3e\u6027\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3068\u9006\u89e3\u6790\u306b\u3088\u308a\u63a8\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4f59\u52b9\u3059\u3079\u308a\u306f\u3001\u672c\u9707\u306e\u7834\u58ca\u9818\u57df\u306e\u4e0b\u9650\u4ed8\u8fd1\u306b\u30d4\u30fc\u30af\u3092\u6301\u3061\u3001<\/span><span lang=\"ja\" xml:lang=\"ja\">\u5fae\u5c0f\u7e70\u308a\u8fd4\u3057\u5730\u9707\u3067\u63a8\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3059\u3079\u308a\u91cf\u3068\u8abf\u548c\u7684\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u306f\u3001\u5ca9\u77f3\u306e\u30ec\u30aa\u30ed\u30b8\u30fc\u3092\u8003\u616e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306a\u4f59\u52b9\u5909\u52d5\u89b3\u6e2c\u304b\u3089\u30ec\u30aa\u30ed\u30b8\u30fc\u306e\u4e0d\u5747\u8cea\u6027\u3092\u8a55\u4fa1\u3067\u304d\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u793a\u5506\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u3001\u30d7\u30ec\u30fc\u30c8\u30ab\u30c3\u30d7\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u306e\u56de\u5fa9\u3092\u8a73\u7d30\u306b\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f<\/span><span lang=\"ja\" xml:lang=\"ja\">\u6771\u5317\u65e5\u672c\u5f27\u306e\u30ec\u30aa\u30ed\u30b8\u30fc\u4e0d\u5747\u8cea\u3092\u8003\u616e\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3092\u793a\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f<\/span><span lang=\"ja\" xml:lang=\"ja\">\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>Using two-dimensional finite element modeling, we reproduced the observed postseismic deformation of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake. Our model, which accounts for the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary and weak zones beneath volcanoes, was able to reproduce small-scale (&lt;20 km) perturbations in postseismic deformation observed by the dense geodetic network, such as local subsidence around Quaternary volcanoes. The inverted afterslip has a peak at the downdip limit of the main rupture region on the subducting plate interface, consistent with physical predictions. The combination of afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation in a heterogeneous rheology model explains the observations well, even on small scales.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Jun Muto<\/strong>, James D. P. Moore, Sylvain Barbot, Takeshi Iinuma, Yusaku Ohta, Hikaru Iwamori (2019) Coupled afterslip and transient mantle flow after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake.&nbsp;<em>Science Advances<\/em>, 5, eaaw1164, doi: 10.1126\/sciadv.aaw1164.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u306e\u5927\u5730\u9707\u5f8c\u306b\u8d77\u3053\u308b\u5730\u6bbb\u5909\u52d5\uff08\u4f59\u52b9\u5909\u52d5\uff09\u306e\u6e2c\u5730\u5b66\u7684\u89b3\u6e2c\u3068\u30e2\u30c7\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u30de\u30f3\u30c8\u30eb\u306e\u7c98\u6027\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u5730\u9707\u65ad\u5c64\u306e\u6469\u64e6\u7279\u6027\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u6c88\u307f\u8fbc\u307f\u5e2f\u3067\u304a\u3053\u308b\u5de8\u5927\u5730\u9707\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7c98\u5f3e\u6027\u6d41\u52d5\u3068\u4f59\u52b9\u3059\u3079\u308a\u306f\u5730\u9707\u5f8c\u306e\u671f\u9593\u306b\u4e92\u3044\u306b\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3057\u3001\u5730\u8868\u5909\u52d5\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53ca\u307c\u3059\u3053\u3068\u304c\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u3053\u3067\u3001\u6211\u3005\u306f\u3001Mw9.0\u306e\u6771\u5317\u5730\u65b9\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6c96\u5730\u9707\u5f8c\u306e\u4f59\u52b9\u5909\u52d5\u3092\u5bfe\u8c61\u306b\u3001\u5ca9\u77f3\u529b\u5b66\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u975e\u7dda\u5f62\u30ec\u30aa\u30ed\u30b8\u30fc\uff08\u3079\u304d\u4e57\u6d41\u52d5\u5247\u304a\u3088\u3073\u901f\u5ea6\u72b6\u614b\u4f9d\u5b58\u6469\u64e6\u6821\u6b63\u901f\uff09\u306b\u3088\u308b\u30e2\u30c7\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u304b\u3089\u3001\u4f59\u52b9\u3059\u3079\u308a\u3068\u7c98\u5f3e\u6027\u7de9\u548c\u306e\u975e\u7dda\u5f62\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff08\u30ab\u30c3\u30d7\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u52b9\u679c\uff09\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5ca9\u77f3\u529b\u5b66\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u30e2\u30c7\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u306f\u3001\u6c34\u5e73\u30fb\u5782\u76f4\u5909\u52d5\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u305d\u306e\u6642\u7cfb\u5217\u3082\u5fa9\u5143\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u7c98\u5f3e\u6027\u7de9\u548c\u3068\u4f59\u52b9\u3059\u3079\u308a\u306e\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u306b\u3088\u308a\u5730\u8868\u5909\u52d5\u306f\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u307e\u3059\u3002\u7279\u306b\u3001\u5730\u9707\u5f8c6\u5e74\u304c\u7d4c\u904e\u3057\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u6d3b\u767a\u306b\u9686\u8d77\u3092\u7d9a\u3051\u308b\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6cbf\u5cb8\u90e8\u306f\u3001\u9707\u6e90\u57df\u6df1\u90e8\u3067\u306e\u4f59\u52b9\u3059\u3079\u308a\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u7c98\u5f3e\u6027\u7de9\u548c\u3068\u4f59\u52b9\u3059\u3079\u308a\u306e\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u306f\u3001\u5730\u9707\u76f4\u5f8c5\u5e74\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3067\u306f\u5730\u8868\u5909\u52d5\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u305d\u308c\u307b\u3069\u5927\u304d\u304f\u306a\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53ca\u307c\u3057\u307e\u305b\u3093\u304c\u3001\u4eca\u5f8c\u3001\u6cbf\u5cb8\u90e8\u306e\u9686\u8d77\u904e\u7a0b\u306a\u3069\u3001\u9577\u671f\u306e\u4f59\u52b9\u5909\u52d5\u89b3\u6e2c\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u7121\u8996\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u52b9\u679c\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u3001\u7279\u306b\u6771\u5317\u65e5\u672c\u5f27\u306e\u5730\u9707\u30b5\u30a4\u30af\u30eb\u3084\u30b8\u30aa\u30c0\u30a4\u30ca\u30df\u30af\u30b9\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7c98\u5f3e\u6027\u7de9\u548c\u3068\u4f59\u52b9\u3059\u3079\u308a\u306e\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u306e\u5b9a\u91cf\u7684\u8a55\u4fa1\u306e\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3092\u5f37\u8abf\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u6210\u529f\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Modeling of postseismic deformation following great earthquakes has revealed the viscous structure of the mantle and the frictional properties of the fault interface. However, for giant megathrust events, viscoelastic flow and afterslip mechanically interplay with each other during the postseismic period. We explore the role of afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation and their interaction in the aftermath of the 2011 Mw (moment magnitude) 9.0 Tohoku earthquake based on a detailed model analysis of the postseismic deformation with laterally varying, experimentally constrained, rock rheology. Mechanical coupling between viscoelastic relaxation and afterslip notably modifies both the afterslip distribution and surface deformation. Thus, we highlight the importance of addressing mechanical coupling for long-term studies of postseismic relaxation, especially in the context of the geodynamics of the Japan trench across the seismic cycle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3053\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u306f\u3001\u65e5\u7d4c\u65b0\u805e\u96fb\u5b50\u7248\uff082019\u5e749\u670827\u65e5\uff09\u3001\u671d\u65e5\u65b0\u805e\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u6249\uff082020\u5e744\u670820\u65e5\uff09\u306a\u3069\u3067\u53d6\u308a\u4e0a\u3052\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4f4e\u901f\u6469\u64e6\u8a66\u9a13\u306b\u3088\u308b\u77f3\u82f1\u30ac\u30a6\u30b8\u306eESR\u4fe1\u53f7\u5f37\u5ea6\u5909\u5316<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Kiriha Tanaka, <strong>Jun Muto<\/strong>, Yasuo Yabe, Toshitaka Oka, Hiroyuki Nagahama (2020) Effect of fracture on ESR intensity using a low-velocity rotary shear apparatus. <em>Geochronometria<\/em> (In press).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u96fb\u5b50\u30b9\u30d4\u30f3\u5171\u9cf4\uff08ESR\uff09\u6cd5\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u65ad\u5c64\u5e74\u4ee3\u63a8\u5b9a\u6cd5\u306f\u300c\u5730\u9707\u6642\u306b\u8d77\u3053\u308b\u65ad\u5c64\u3059\u3079\u308a\u304c\u3001\u65ad\u5c64\u5ca9\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u77f3\u82f1\u4e2d\u306eESR\u4fe1\u53f7\u306e\u4fe1\u53f7\u5f37\u5ea6\uff08\u6b20\u9665\u304c\u6355\u7372\u3057\u305f\u4e0d\u5bfe\u96fb\u5b50\u6570\uff09\u30920\u306b\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4eee\u5b9a\u304c\u6210\u308a\u7acb\u3064\u3053\u3068\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002ESR\u4fe1\u53f7\u306e\u30bc\u30ed\u30bb\u30c3\u30c8\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u3053\u306e\u4eee\u5b9a\u306e\u8981\u56e0\u306e1\u3064\u306b\u5730\u9707\u6027\u3059\u3079\u308a\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5ca9\u77f3\u7834\u7815\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u904e\u53bb\u306b\u884c\u308f\u308c\u305f\u6a21\u64ec\u77f3\u82f1\u30ac\u30a6\u30b8\u306e\u4f4e\u901f\u6469\u64e6\u5b9f\u9a13\u304b\u3089\u3001\u5ca9\u77f3\u7834\u7815\u306fESR\u4fe1\u53f7\u5f37\u5ea6\u3092\u5897\u52a0\u307e\u305f\u306f\u30bc\u30ed\u30bb\u30c3\u30c8\u3059\u308b\u3068\u5831\u544a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u306f\u6469\u64e6\u5b9f\u9a13\u4e2d\u306b\u30ac\u30a6\u30b8\u306b\u6df7\u5165\u3057\u305f\u5909\u5f62\u6cbb\u5177\u306e\u6469\u8017\u7269\u304cESR\u6e2c\u5b9a\u306e\u611f\u5ea6\u3092\u4f4e\u4e0b\u3055\u305b\u305f\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5831\u544a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u3053\u3067\u3001\u5730\u9707\u6027\u3059\u3079\u308a\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5ca9\u77f3\u7834\u7815\u3068ESR\u4fe1\u53f7\u5f37\u5ea6\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u30ac\u30a6\u30b8\u306b\u6df7\u5165\u3057\u305f\u6469\u8017\u7269\u304cESR\u6e2c\u5b9a\u306b\u53ca\u307c\u3059\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u8abf\u3079\u308b\u5b9f\u9a13\u3068\u56de\u8ee2\u5f0f\u4f4e\u901f\u6469\u64e6\u8a66\u9a13\u6a5f\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u6a21\u64ec\u77f3\u82f1\u30ac\u30a6\u30b8\u306e\u4f4e\u901f\u6469\u64e6\u5b9f\u9a13\u3092\u884c\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u526a\u65ad\u5909\u4f4d\u91cf\u306e\u5897\u52a0\u3068\u5171\u306b\u3001\u77f3\u82f1\u4e2d\u306b\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308bE<sub>1<\/sub>\u2019 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\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff08O<sup>3-<\/sup>\uff09\u306f\u5909\u5316\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30ac\u30a6\u30b8\u306e\u5fae\u7d30\u69cb\u9020\u89b3\u5bdf\u3001\u5909\u5f62\u6cbb\u5177\u306e\u6469\u8017\u7269\u304c\u6df7\u5165\u3057\u305f\u30ac\u30a6\u30b8\u306e\u6a21\u64ec\u8a66\u6599\u306eESR\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3001\u30ac\u30a6\u30b8\u306e\u7c92\u5b50\u9593\u3084\u6469\u64e6\u9762\u3067\u306e\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6607\u306e\u63a8\u5b9a\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3068\u3001ESR\u4fe1\u53f7\u5f37\u5ea6\u5909\u5316\u306f\u3001\u4e3b\u306b\u7834\u7815\u304c\u539f\u56e0\u3067\u8d77\u304d\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u793a\u5506\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u306f\u3001\u5730\u6bbb\u6d45\u90e8\u3067\u306e\u6469\u64e6\u767a\u71b1\u306e\u5c0f\u3055\u3044\u5730\u9707\u6027\u3059\u3079\u308a\u3067\u306fESR\u4fe1\u53f7\u306e\u30bc\u30ed\u30bb\u30c3\u30c8\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u5506\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u306f\u3001\u5730\u9707\u89b3\u6e2c\u30bb\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc\u77e2\u90e8\u5148\u751f\u3001JAEA \u5ca1\u5148\u751f\u3089\u306e\u5354\u529b\u306b\u3088\u308bD2 \u7530\u4e2d\u6850\u8449\u541b\u306e\u535a\u58eb\u8ab2\u7a0b\u3067\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We sheared simulated-quartz gouges using a low-velocity rotary shear apparatus and evaluated the relationship between electron spin resonance (ESR) intensity and displacement quantitatively considering problems of contaminants. ESR intensity of E1\u2019 center increased while OHC and peroxy center kept constant with the increasing displacement up to 1.4 m. Microstructural analysis showed grain size reduction and fracture of starting gouges, hence, the fracture can affect the change in ESR intensity. ESR measurements were also conducted for starting gouges with variable amounts of contaminants and it was confirmed that the effect of contaminants on the change in ESR intensity was negligible. Moreover, we estimated the temperature rise by the frictional heating on the surface and between particles and it was shown that the effect of frictional heating on ESR intensity was also negligible in our experimental condition. Therefore, we could clarify the relationship between ESR intensity and fracturing with various displacements separately from contaminants and frictional heating. The results imply that the zero-setting of ESR signals can not occur by the fracture with low frictional heating at the shallow depth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4e80\u88c2\u3092\u542b\u3093\u3060\u5ca9\u77f3\u306e\u5f3e\u6027\u6ce2\u901f\u5ea6\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<ul>\n<li>Eranga Gayanath Jayawickrama, Hayata Tamai, <strong>Jun Muto<\/strong>, Hiroyuki Nagahama (2019) Pressure dependence of elastic deformation at multiple contacts and estimation of contact state of thin cracks.&nbsp; Geophysics 84 (4): WA153\u201360.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5f3e\u6027\u6ce2\u901f\u5ea6\u306e\u5909\u5316\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u8584\u3044\u4e80\u88c2\u306e\u8907\u6570\u306e\u63a5\u89e6\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5f3e\u6027\u5909\u5f62\u306e\u5727\u529b\u4f9d\u5b58\u6027\u3092\u8abf\u67fb\u3057\u3001\u5727\u529b\u306e\u5909\u5316\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8584\u3044\u4e80\u88c2\u306e\u958b\u653e\u6027\u3092\u5b9a\u91cf\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6700\u521d\u306b\u3001\u4ee5\u524d\u306b\u5c0e\u5165\u3057\u305f\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u306e\u5358\u4e00\u63a5\u70b9\u306e\u8377\u91cd-\u5909\u4f4d\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u8907\u6570\u306e\u63a5\u70b9\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u62e1\u5f35\u3057\u3001\u6b21\u306b\u63a5\u70b9\u3067\u306e\u5909\u4f4d\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u5727\u529b\u306e\u4e00\u6b21\u5c0e\u95a2\u6570\u3092\u53d6\u5f97\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5f62\u72b6\u306e\u3001\u63a5\u70b9\u306e\u5f3e\u6027\u5909\u5f62\u306e\u5727\u529b\u4f9d\u5b58\u6027\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3002\u5727\u529b\u4f9d\u5b58\u6027\u306f\u3001\u300c\u8584\u3044\u4e80\u88c2\u306e\u591a\u91cd\u63a5\u89e6\u72b6\u614b\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u5727\u529b\u6307\u6570\u03bc\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u5c0f\u6797\u30fb\u53e4\u4f4f\uff081977\uff09\u306b\u3088\u308b\u7d4c\u9a13\u7684\u306b\u5c0e\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5f3e\u6027\u6ce2\u901f\u5ea6\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u540c\u69d8\u306e\u5727\u529b\u6307\u6570\u3068\u76f8\u95a2\u3057\u3001\u5f3e\u6027\u6ce2\u901f\u5ea6\u306e\u5727\u529b\u4f9d\u5b58\u6027\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5ca9\u77f3\u306e\u8584\u3044\u4e80\u88c2\u306e\u591a\u91cd\u63a5\u89e6\u72b6\u614b\u304c\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u767a\u898b\u3057\u305f\u3002\u63a8\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u591a\u91cd\u63a5\u89e6\u72b6\u614b\u306f\u3001\u5186\u9310\u63a5\u89e6\u3068\u5e73\u5766\u63a5\u89e6\u3067\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c0.67\u30680.5\u306e2\u3064\u306e\u7406\u60f3\u5024\u3092\u6301\u3061\u3001\u7406\u60f3\u72b6\u614b\u9593\u306e\u03bc\u5024\u306f\u30012\u3064\u306e\u7406\u60f3\u72b6\u614b\u3068\u305d\u306e\u6bcd\u96c6\u56e3\u306e\u6df7\u5408\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u63a5\u89e6\u306e\u5f3e\u6027\u5909\u5f62\u306e\u5727\u529b\u4f9d\u5b58\u6027\u3092\u793a\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002 0.5\u3088\u308a\u5c0f\u3055\u3044\u63a5\u89e6\u72b6\u614b\u5024\u30680.67\u3088\u308a\u5927\u304d\u3044\u5024\u306f\u3001\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u4e80\u88c2\u306e\u9589\u3058\u305f\u72b6\u614b\u3068\u958b\u3044\u305f\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u793a\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u4e80\u88c2\u306e\u958b\u653e\u6027\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u304b\u3089\u5b9a\u91cf\u5316\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u3055\u307e\u3056\u307e\u306a\u5ca9\u77f3\u306e\u5f3e\u6027\u6ce2\u901f\u5ea6\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u4ee5\u524d\u306b\u516c\u958b\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u5229\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3053\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u9069\u7528\u6027\u3092\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8\u3057\u3001\u8907\u6570\u306e\u63a5\u89e6\u306e\u5f3e\u6027\u5909\u5f62\u306e\u5727\u529b\u4f9d\u5b58\u6027\u304c\u3001\u306e\u5727\u529b\u4f9d\u5b58\u6027\u304b\u3089\u63a8\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8907\u6570\u306e\u63a5\u89e6\u72b6\u614b\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5b9a\u91cf\u7684\u306b\u53d6\u5f97\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this study we investigated the pressure dependence of elastic deformation at multiple contacts in thin cracks through the variation of elastic wave velocity and were able to quantify the openness of thin cracks with the variations in pressure. In the process, first, we extended several previously introduced single contact load-displacement relationships to those of multiple contacts and then obtained the first derivative of pressure with respect to the displacement at contacts. This shaped, relationships for the pressure dependence of elastic deformation of the contacts where the pressure dependence was given by a pressure exponent \u03bc which we termed \u201cthe multiple contact state of thin cracks\u201d. This was correlated with a similar pressure exponent in an empirically derived elastic wave velocity relationship by Kobayashi and Furuzumi (1977) and found that the multiple contact state of thin cracks in a rock can be obtained by the pressure dependence of elastic wave velocity. The estimated multiple contact state has two ideal values of 0.67 and 0.5 for conical and flat contacts, respectively and \u03bc values between the ideal states gave the pressure dependence of elastic deformation of contacts, formed by a mixture of two ideal states and their population. The contact state values smaller than 0.5 and values greater than 0.67 show closed and open state of cracks, respectively, hence the openness of the cracks were quantifiable from this relationship. We further tested the applicability of this relationship by utilizing previously published data on elastic wave velocities of various rocks, and it was verified that the pressure dependence of elastic deformation of multiple contacts can be quantitatively obtained by the estimated multiple contact states from the pressure dependence of elastic wave velocity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u6a21\u64ec\u65ad\u5c64\u30ac\u30a6\u30b8\u306e\u3086\u3063\u304f\u308a\u3068\u3057\u305f\u7834\u58ca\u4f1d\u64ad\u306b\u4f34\u3046\u5fdc\u529b\u72b6\u614b\u306e\u52b9\u679c<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Ken-ichi&nbsp;Hirauchi, &nbsp;<strong>Jun Muto<\/strong>, (2015)&nbsp;Observations&nbsp;of&nbsp;the slow rupture process in synthetic fault gouges. <em>Earth Planets Space<\/em>, 67:25,&nbsp;doi:10.1186\/s40623-015-0199-x.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6c88\u307f\u8fbc\u307f\u5e2f\u3067\u306e\u30b9\u30ed\u30fc\u30b9\u30ea\u30c3\u30d7\u30a4\u30d9\u30f3\u30c8\uff08SSE\uff09\u306f\u3001\u3086\u3063\u304f\u308a\u3068\u3057\u305f\u7834\u58ca\u306b\u3088\u308a\u304a\u3053\u308a\u691c\u51fa\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u5730\u9707\u6ce2\u3092\u767a\u751f\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u7279\u306b\u7834\u58ca\u306f\u901a\u5e38\u306e\u5730\u9707\u3088\u308a\u30824\u6841\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3082\u9045\u3044\u901f\u5ea6\u3067\u4f1d\u64ad\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u6c88\u307f\u8fbc\u307f\u5e2f\u6df1\u90e8\u306b\u305b\u307e\u308b\u6761\u4ef6\u3067\u306e\u5b9f\u9a13\u7d50\u679c\u304c\u5c11\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u306a\u3069\u304b\u3089\u3001\u30b9\u30ed\u30fc\u30b9\u30ea\u30c3\u30d7\u767a\u751f\u6a5f\u69cb\u306f\u672a\u3060\u7406\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u6211\u3005\u306f\u3001\u6c88\u307f\u8fbc\u307f\u5e2f\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3059\u308b\u5ca9\u77f3\u7fa4\uff08\u4f4e\u6e29\u578b\u30fb\u9ad8\u6e29\u578b\u86c7\u7d0b\u5ca9\u3068\u30ab\u30f3\u30e9\u30f3\u5ca9\uff09\u306e\u6a21\u64ec\u65ad\u5c64\u30ac\u30a6\u30b8\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4e0d\u5b89\u5b9a\u3059\u3079\u308a\u306e\u5b9f\u9a13\u3092\u884c\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5358\u4e00\u306e\u4e0d\u5b89\u5b9a\u3059\u3079\u308a\u306e\u30a4\u30d9\u30f3\u30c8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001\u4e0d\u5b89\u5b9a\u306a\u9ad8\u901f\u7834\u58ca\u306e\u524d\u306b\u3086\u3063\u304f\u308a\u3068\u3057\u305f\u7834\u58ca\u304c\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u7279\u306b\u3001\u6a21\u64ec\u65ad\u5c64\u30ac\u30a6\u30b8\u306e\u6469\u64e6\u4fc2\u6570\u304c\u4f4e\u4e0b\uff080.7\u304b\u30890.5\u307e\u3067\uff09\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306b\u5f93\u3044\u3001\u9045\u3044\u7834\u58ca\u4f1d\u64ad\u30e2\u30fc\u30c9\u304c\u73fe\u308c\u3001\u7834\u58ca\u4f1d\u64ad\u901f\u5ea6\u306f\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u89b3\u6e2c\u304b\u3089\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u308b\u77ed\u671f\u7684SSE\u306e\u4f1d\u64ad\u901f\u5ea6\u306b\u76f8\u5f53\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5024\u306b\u307e\u3067\u4f4e\u4e0b\u3057\u307e\u3059\uff080.07 to 5.43 m\/s\uff09\u3002\u6211\u3005\u306e\u5b9f\u9a13\u7d50\u679c\u306f\u3001SSES\u306e\u767a\u751f\u304c\u3001\u4f4e\u5782\u76f4\u5fdc\u529b\u3068\u4f4e\u3044\u65ad\u5c64\u5e2f\u5f37\u5ea6\u3068\u3044\u30462\u3064\u306e\u6761\u4ef6\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4fc3\u9032\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u5506\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306fSSE\u306e\u767a\u751f\u306f\u3001\u30d7\u30ec\u30fc\u30c8\u5883\u754c\u306e\u5fdc\u529b\u72b6\u614b\u3001\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u542b\u6c34\u76f8\uff08\u86c7\u7d0b\u5ca9\u3084\u30bf\u30eb\u30af\u7b49\uff09\u306e\u751f\u6210\u3084\u6d41\u4f53\u306e\u8131\u6c34\u306b\u4f34\u3046\u9593\u9699\u5727\u306e\u5897\u52a0\u3001\u3092\u5f37\u304f\u53cd\u6620\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u793a\u5506\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u9759\u5ca1\u5927\u5b66\u5e73\u5185\u5065\u4e00\u535a\u58eb\u3068\u306e\u5171\u540c\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u6469\u64e6\u306b\u4f34\u3046\u77f3\u82f1\u306e\u975e\u6676\u8cea\u5316\u3068\u901f\u5ea6\u5f31\u5316\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Yu Nakamura,&nbsp;<strong>Jun&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>Muto<\/strong>, Hiroyuki Nagahama, Ichiko Shimizu, Takashi Miura &amp; Ichiro Arakawa (2012), Amorphization of quartz by friction: Implication to silica-gel lubrication of fault surfaces.&nbsp;Geophys. Res.&nbsp;Lett., 39, L21303,&nbsp;doi:10.1029\/2012GL053228<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6469\u64e6\u306b\u4f34\u3046\u5ca9\u77f3\u9271\u7269\u306e\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u6563\u9038\u904e\u7a0b\u3068\u3057\u3066\uff0c\u5ca9\u77f3\u9271\u7269\u306e\u975e\u6676\u8cea\u5316\u304c\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff0e\u7279\u306b\u77f3\u82f1\u5ca9\u306e\u975e\u6676\u8cea\u5316\u306f\uff0c\u5927\u6c17\u4e2d\u306e\u6c34\u5206\u3092\u5438\u7740\u3057\u542b\u6c34\u3057\u305f\u30b2\u30eb\u306e\u751f\u6210\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3059\u3079\u308a\u30fb\u901f\u5ea6\u5f31\u5316\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\uff0c\u6469\u64e6\u7279\u6027\u306b\u3082\u76f4\u63a5\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53ca\u307c\u3059\uff0e\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u975e\u6676\u8cea\u5316\u306e\u7d20\u904e\u7a0b\u3084\u542b\u6c34\u904e\u7a0b\u306f\u672a\u3060\u3088\u304f\u308f\u304b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\uff0e\u6469\u64e6\u306b\u4f34\u3046\u77f3\u82f1\u306e\u975e\u6676\u8cea\u5316\u3092\u8abf\u3079\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\uff0cPin-on-disk\u578b\u306e\u6469\u64e6\u8a66\u9a13\u6a5f\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\uff0c\u6469\u64e6\u3059\u3079\u308a\u3055\u305b\u305f\u5f8c\u306e\u77f3\u82f1\u30c8\u30e9\u30c3\u30af\u306e\u30e9\u30de\u30f3\u5206\u5149\u5206\u6790\u3092\u884c\u3063\u305f\uff0e\u6469\u64e6\u306b\u4f34\u3044\uff0cSiO<sub>4<\/sub>\u56db\u9762\u4f536\u54e1\u74b0\u304b\u3089\u306a\u308b\u77f3\u82f1\u69cb\u9020\u4e2d\u306b\uff0c3\u22124\u54e1\u74b0\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6b6a\u3093\u3060\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u69cb\u9020\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\uff0e\u975e\u6676\u8cea\u5316\u306f\uff0c\u9ad8\u901f\u3059\u3079\u308a\u3092\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\uff0c\u771f\u5b9f\u63a5\u89e6\u70b9\u3067\u306e\u9ad8\u5fdc\u529b\u4e0b\u3067\uff0cSiO4 \u4e2d\u8ddd\u96e2\u69cb\u9020\u304c\u3088\u308a\u6b6a\u3093\u3060\u5e73\u9762 3 \u304a\u3088\u3073 4 \u54e1\u74b0\u3068\u306a\u308a\uff0c\u6b6a\u3093\u3060 Si-O \u7d50\u5408\u90e8\u304b\u3089\u9078\u629e\u7684\u306b\u6c34\u548c\u53cd\u5fdc\u304c\u9032\u3080\u3053\u3068\u3067\uff0c\u6469\u64e6\u8868\u9762\u306b\u975e\u6676\u8cea\u30b7\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u6c34\u548c\u7269\u3092\u751f\u6210\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u5506\u3059\u308b\uff0e\u975e\u6676\u8cea\u30b7\u30ea\u30ab\u6c34\u548c\u7269\u306f\uff0c\u5f37\u5ea6\u306e\u4f4e\u3044\u7c98\u6027\u7269\u8cea\u3068\u3057\u3066\u632f\u821e\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067,\u901f\u5ea6\u5f31\u5316\u3092\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\uff0e\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u306f\u3001H24\u5e74\u4fee\u4e86 \u4e2d\u6751\u3055\u3093\u306e\u4fee\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u3067\u3001\u6771\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u6e05\u6c34\u4ee5\u77e5\u5b50\u535a\u58eb\u3001\u5b66\u7fd2\u9662\u5927\u5b66\u8352\u5ddd\u4e00\u90ce\u6559\u6388\u3001\uff08\u72ec\uff09 \u52b4\u50cd\u5b89\u5168\u885b\u751f\u7dcf\u5408\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u3000\u4e09\u6d66\u5d07\u535a\u58eb\u3068\u306e\u5171\u540c\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To understand physico\u2010chemical processes at real contacts (asperities) on fault surfaces, we conducted pin\u2010on\u2010disk friction experiments at room temperature, using single crystalline quartz disks and quartz pins. Velocity weakening from friction coefficient\u03bc \u223c 0.6 to 0.4 was observed under apparent normal stresses of 8\u201319 MPa, when the slip rate was increased from 0.003 to 2.6 m\/s. Frictional surfaces revealed ductile deformation of wear materials. The Raman spectra of frictional tracks showed blue shifts and broadening of quartz main bands, and appearance of new peaks at 490\u2013520 and 610 cm\u22121. All these features are indicative of pressure\u2010 and strain\u2010induced amorphization of quartz. The mapping analyses of Fourier transform infrared (FT\u2010IR) spectroscopy at room dry conditions suggest selective hydration of wear materials. It is possible that the strained Si\u2010O\u2010Si bridges in amorphous silica preferentially react with water to form silica\u2010gel. In natural fault systems, amorphous materials would be produced at real fault contacts and accumulate over the fault surfaces with displacements. Subsequent hydration would lead to significant reduction of fault strength during slip.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u77f3\u82f1\u306e\u683c\u5b50\u5b9a\u5411\u914d\u5217\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Jun&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>Muto<\/strong>, Greg Hirth, Renee Heilbronner &amp; Jan Tullis (2011) Plastic anisotropy and fabric evolution in sheared and recrystallized quartz single crystals.&nbsp;J. Geophys. Res., B02206,&nbsp;doi:10.1029\/2010JB007891.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5851\u6027\u5909\u5f62\u3057\u305f\u5ca9\u77f3\u306e\u683c\u5b50\u5b9a\u5411\u914d\u5217\uff08LPO\uff09\u306f\uff0c\u5909\u5f62\u6642\u306e\u7269\u7406\u6761\u4ef6\uff08\u6e29\u5ea6\uff0c\u3072\u305a\u307f\u901f\u5ea6\uff09\u3092\u53cd\u6620\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff0e\u7d2f\u9032\u5909\u5f62\u6642\u306eP, T\u6761\u4ef6\u304c\u71b1\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u898f\u5236\u3067\u304d\u308b\u526a\u65ad\u5e2f\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\uff0c\u77f3\u82f1\u306e<i>c<\/i>\u8ef8LPO\u306f\uff0c\u5909\u5f62\u6642\u306e\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6607\u306b\u3088\u308a\u512a\u5148\u3059\u3079\u308a\u7cfb\u304cbasal &lt;<i>a<\/i>&gt;\u304b\u3089prism &lt;<i>a<\/i>&gt;\u3078\u8ee2\u79fb\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\uff0ctype I crossed girdle \u304b\u3089Y \u96c6\u4e2d\u3078\u3068LPO\u304c\u8ee2\u79fb\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff0e\u4e00\u65b9\uff0c\u5929\u7136\u306e\u5909\u5f62\u5ca9\u3084\u5b9f\u9a13\u304b\u3089\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e0b\u3067\u3082\uff0c\u6b6a\u306e\u5897\u52a0\u306b\u4f34\u3044\uff0cLPO\u304c\u5909\u5316\u3059\u308b\u4e8b\u4f8b\u304c\u5831\u544a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u304c\uff0c\u8ee2\u79fb\u306e\u30e1\u30ab\u30cb\u30ba\u30e0\u306f\u4e0d\u660e\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\uff0e\u4e00\u5b9a\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e0b\u3067\u526a\u65ad\u6b6a\u306e\u5897\u52a0\u306b\u4f34\u3046LPO\u8ee2\u79fb\u3092\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\uff0c\u7d50\u6676\u65b9\u4f4d\u304c\u65e2\u77e5\u306e\u4eba\u5de5\u6c34\u6676\u5358\u7d50\u6676\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\uff0c\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u7d50\u6676\u65b9\u4f4d\u3092\u6301\u3064\u8a66\u6599\u306e\u9ad8\u6e29\u9ad8\u5727\u5909\u5f62\u5b9f\u9a13\u3092\u884c\u3063\u305f\uff0e\u4eba\u5de5\u6c34\u6676\u306f\uff0c\u526a\u65ad\u6b6a\u306e\u5897\u52a0\u304a\u3088\u3073\u52d5\u7684\u518d\u7d50\u6676\u306b\u3088\u308a\uff0c\u7d50\u6676\u65b9\u4f4d\u3092\u5bb9\u6613\u306b90\u5ea6\u518d\u914d\u7f6e\u3057\uff0c\u521d\u671f\u65b9\u4f4d\u306b\u3088\u3089\u305a\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306bprism &lt;<i>a<\/i>&gt; \u306e\u65b9\u4f4d\u3092\u6301\u3064\u518d\u7d50\u6676\u7c92\u5b50\u304c\u5353\u8d8a\u3059\u308b\uff08Y\u96c6\u4e2dLPO\uff09\uff0e\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u306b\u3088\u308a\uff0cLPO\u306e\u767a\u9054\u6a5f\u69cb\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\uff0c\u52d5\u7684\u518d\u7d50\u6676\u306e\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u304c\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u306a\u308a\uff0c\u6e29\u5ea6\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\uff0c\u6b6a\u3084\u5909\u5f62\u5c65\u6b74\u306e\u52b9\u679c\u3092\u8003\u616e\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3053\u308c\u306b\u3088\u308a\uff0c\u5730\u8cea\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u3057\u304b\u6e2c\u5b9a\u51fa\u6765\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u201c\u6b6a\u201d\u3092\u5730\u9707\u6ce2\u7570\u65b9\u6027\u306a\u3069\u306e\u5730\u7403\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u89b3\u6e2c\u304b\u3089\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3067\u304d\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3053\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u306f\u3001Brown\u5927\u5b66\u3000Jan Tullis\u6559\u6388\u3001Greg Hirth \u6559\u6388\u3001Tromso \u5927\u5b66\u3000Renee Heilbronner\u6559\u6388\u3068\u306e\u5171\u540c\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The effect of a lattice preferred orientation on the flow strength of quartz aggregates dynamically recrystallized from single crystals of synthetic quartz was investigated using general shear experiments in a Griggs apparatus. Experiments were conducted at shear strains (\u03b3) up to 5 at a temperature of 900\u00b0C, confining pressure of 1.5 GPa,and shear strain rate of 10&lt;sup&gt;-5&lt;\/sup&gt; s&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;\/sup&gt;. Three starting orientations of crystal were used, to activate three slip systems: basal&lt;a&gt;, prism [c], and prism&lt;a&gt;, although slip\u2010induced rotation of the crystal axes in the first two orientations led to the activation of additional slip systems. For crystals with higher water contents, basal&lt;a&gt; and prism &lt;a&gt; orientations are relatively weak and prism [c] orientations are stronger. All three initial crystal orientations undergo dynamic recrystallization with increasing shear strain, although the strain required for 100% recrystallization varies: gamma \u2248 2 for prism [c] slip, gamma \u2248 3.8 for basal &lt;a&gt; slip, and gamma \u2248 5 for prism &lt;a&gt; slip. For all three starting orientations, distinct domains of recrystallized grains develop with c axes parallel to Y of the strain ellipsoid (Ymax), replacing recrystallized grains of other orientations; the Ymax domains increase in size with increasing strain. In addition, strain markers show that strain is highly localized within the Ymax domains, indicating geometrical softening of up to an order of magnitude in effective viscosity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u6469\u64e6\u306b\u4f34\u3046\u5ca9\u77f3\u306e\u5e2f\u96fb\u3068\u6c17\u4f53\u653e\u96fb\u30d7\u30e9\u30ba\u30de\u767a\u751f\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Jun&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>Muto<\/strong>, Hiroyuki Nagahama, Takashi Miura &amp; Ichiro Arakawa (2006) Frictional discharge plasma from natural semiconductor\/insulator junctions: origin of&nbsp;seismo- electromagnetic radiation.&nbsp;Phys. Chem. Earth, 31, 346-351.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Jun&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>Muto<\/strong>, Hiroyuki Nagahama, Takashi Miura &amp; Ichiro Arakawa (2006) Frictional discharge from sheared asperity: implication for fractal&nbsp;seismo-electromagnetic radiation.&nbsp;Trans. IEE Jpn.,&nbsp;126, 242-243.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Jun&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>Muto<\/strong>, Hiroyuki Nagahama, Takashi Miura &amp; Ichiro Arakawa (2007) Frictional discharge at fault asperities: Origin of fractal&nbsp;seismo-electromagnetic radiation.&nbsp;Tectonophysics,&nbsp;431, 113-122.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Jun&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>Muto<\/strong>, Hiroyuki Nagahama, Takashi Miura &amp; Ichiro Arakawa (2008) Frictional discharge plasma and&nbsp;seismo-electromagnetic phenomena.&nbsp;Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 168, 1-5.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kumi Onuma,&nbsp;<strong>Jun&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>Muto<\/strong>, Hiroyuki Nagahama &amp; Kenshiro Otsuki (2011) Electric potential changes associated with&nbsp;nucleation&nbsp;of stick-slip of simulated gouges.&nbsp;Tectonophysics, 502, 308-314.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5730\u9707\u306b\u5148\u884c\u3057\u3066\uff0c\u96fb\u78c1\u653e\u5c04\u3084\u767a\u5149\u306a\u3069\u306e\u96fb\u78c1\u6c17\u73fe\u8c61\u304c\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\uff0c\u5ca9\u77f3\u5b9f\u9a13\u304b\u3089\uff0c\u5ca9\u77f3\u7834\u58ca\u6642\u306b\u96fb\u78c1\u6ce2\uff08\u5149\uff09\uff0c\u8377\u96fb\u7c92\u5b50\u3084\u30d7\u30e9\u30ba\u30de\u306e\u767a\u751f\u304c\u5831\u544a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\uff0c\u5730\u9707\u306b\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\u96fb\u78c1\u653e\u5c04\u6a5f\u69cb\u306e\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u89e3\u660e\u306b\u306f\u81f3\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\uff0e\u65ad\u5c64\u9762\u4e0a\u3067\u306e\u30a2\u30b9\u30da\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u52d5\u304d\u3092\u6a21\u64ec\u3057\u305f\u3059\u3079\u308a\u6469\u64e6\u5b9f\u9a13\u304b\u3089\uff0c\u77f3\u82f1\u7b49\u306e\u5929\u7136\u9271\u7269\u9593\u3067\u306e\u6469\u64e6\u5e2f\u96fb\u306b\u3088\u308b\u767a\u5149\u3092\u9855\u5fae\u93e1\u4e0b\u306b\u3066\u76f4\u63a5\u89b3\u5bdf\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u767a\u5149\u306f\u4f4e\u5fdc\u529b\uff084MPa\uff09\uff0c\u4f4e\u3059\u3079\u308a\u901f\u5ea6\uff089.5mm\/s\uff09\u3067\u767a\u751f\u3057\uff0c\u5206\u5149\u6e2c\u5b9a\u304b\u3089\uff0c\u6469\u64e6\u5e2f\u96fb\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6c17\u4f53\u306e\u7d76\u7e01\u7834\u58ca\uff08\u30d7\u30e9\u30ba\u30de\u767a\u5149\uff09\u306b\u8d77\u56e0\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\uff0e\u3055\u3089\u306b\uff0c\u6a21\u64ec\u65ad\u5c64\u30ac\u30a6\u30b8\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u6469\u64e6\u5b9f\u9a13\u304b\u3089\uff0c\u9ad8\u901f\u3059\u3079\u308a\u306e\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u3086\u3063\u304f\u308a\u3059\u3079\u308a\u6642\u306b\u65ad\u5c64\u8868\u9762\u304c\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306b\u5e2f\u96fb\u3059\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u767a\u898b\u306b\u3088\u308a\uff0c\u5730\u9707\u76f4\u524d\u306e\u3086\u3063\u304f\u308a\u3059\u3079\u308a\u6642\uff08\u5730\u9707\u6838\u5f62\u6210\uff09\u306b\u9577\u6ce2\u9577\u96fb\u78c1\u7570\u5e38\u304c\u4f34\u308f\u308c\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6469\u64e6\u5b9f\u9a13\u304b\u3089\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3057\uff0c\u5730\u9707\u5148\u884c\u96fb\u78c1\u73fe\u8c61\u3092\u65ad\u5c64\u529b\u5b66\u3068\u5730\u7403\u96fb\u78c1\u6c17\u5b66\u306e\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3067\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u6210\u529f\u3057\u305f\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Although several mechanisms of precursory electromagnetic emissions of earthquakes have been pro- posed, there has been no in situ observation of electromagnetic phenomena occurring at the frictional contacts during rock frictions. From an experiment simulating the motion of an asperity on a fault surface, we report the generation of photon emissions around frictional contacts between natural rock minerals. Spectroscopic analysis clarified that the photon emissions are caused by dielectric breakdown of ambient gases (electric-discharge plasma) due to frictional electrification. The plasmas were found to occur under normal stress of 4 MPa and sliding speed of 10<sup>-2<\/sup>&nbsp;m\/s. This indicates that plasma generations do not require high-normal stresses needed to fracture rocks and sliding speeds as high as seismic rates (\u223c1 m\/s). Thus, frictional discharges could occur at microscopic asperities at the onset of the slips of earthquakes, and might be one of the sources of the seismo-electromagnetic emission.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Our friction experiments using simulated gouges detected premonitory changes in electric potential before stick-slip events. These precursor electric signals have been detected both in piezoelectric quartz and non- piezoelectric gabbroic gouges. The changes in the potential were locally detected by electrodes set very close to the fault surface associated with slow slip prior to stick-slip events. The magnitude of electrification is proportional to fault slip associated with gradual stress releases, indicating that the electrification is slip- dependent process. From the detailed microstructural analyses on a representative sample, Riedel (R1) shears known to be formed during stable sliding were the most densely developed around the electrode pair which detected the precursory voltage changes. This indicates that local increases in the voltages were likely caused by frictional electrification due to slow slip on R1 shears in nucleation phases of stick-slip events. Our experimental results imply that natural faults with thicker gouge zones would require greater precursory slips, resulting in larger electric signals in the nucleation phase of earthquakes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4e0a\u90e8\u5730\u6bbb\u5ca9\u77f3\u306e\u6c34\u30fb\u6b6a\u8edf\u5316\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Jun&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>Muto<\/strong>, Hiroyuki Nagahama &amp; Tetsuo Hashimoto (2004) Micro-IR reflection spectroscopic mapping: application to detection of hydrogen-related species in natural quartz. J.&nbsp;Microscop., 216, 222-228.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Jun&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>Muto<\/strong>, Hiroyuki Nagahama &amp; Tetsuo Hashimoto (2005) Water distribution in dynamically&nbsp;recrystallized&nbsp;quartz grains:&nbsp;cathodoluminescence&nbsp;and micro-infrared spectroscopic mappings.&nbsp;<i>In<\/i>&nbsp;Burlini L.&nbsp;and&nbsp;Bruhn D. (eds.)&nbsp;Geol. Soc. London Spec.&nbsp;Publ., 245, 397-407.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u304b\u3064\u3066\u306e\u5185\u9678\u5730\u9707\u65ad\u5c64\u6df1\u90e8\u3067\u3042\u308b\u7551\u5ddd\u7834\u7815\u5e2f\u306e\u91ce\u5916\u5730\u8cea\u8abf\u67fb\u3092\u884c\u3044\uff0c\u63a1\u53d6\u3057\u305f\u65ad\u5c64\u5909\u5f62\u5ca9\u306e\u89e3\u6790\u304b\u3089\uff0c\u5730\u6bbb\u306e\u4e3b\u8981\u9271\u7269\u3067\u3042\u308b\u77f3\u82f1\u591a\u7d50\u6676\u4f53\u4e2d\u306b\u5fae\u91cf\u306e\u6c34\uff08\u6570\u767eppm H\/Si\u7a0b\u5ea6\u306eH<sub>2<\/sub>O, OH\uff09\u304c\u52a0\u308f\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\uff0c\u77f3\u82f1\u306e\u5851\u6027\u5f37\u5ea6\u304c\u5927\u304d\u304f\u6e1b\u5c11\u3059\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u5ca9\u77f3\u529b\u5b66\u5b9f\u9a13\u304b\u3089\uff0c\u77f3\u82f1\u306e\u5851\u6027\u5909\u5f62\u5f37\u5ea6\u304c\u542b\u6c34\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u3067\u8457\u3057\u304f\u6e1b\u5c11\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\uff08\u6c34\u8edf\u5316\uff09\u304c\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff0e\u3057\u304b\u3057\uff0c\u5f93\u6765\u306e\u8d64\u5916\u5206\u5149\u8a08\u306b\u3088\u308b\u8a08\u6e2c\u3067\u306f\uff0c\u6c34\u306e\u7a7a\u9593\u5206\u5e03\u3092\u89e3\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u56f0\u96e3\u3060\u3063\u305f\uff0e\u305d\u306e\u305f\u3081\uff0c\u9855\u5fae\u93e1\u30b9\u30b1\u30fc\u30eb\u3067\u306e\u5909\u5f62\u7d44\u7e54\uff08\u7d50\u6676\u65b9\u4f4d\uff0c\u518d\u7d50\u6676\u7c92\u5f84\u7b49\uff09\u3068\uff0c\u542b\u6c34\u91cf\u306e\u6bd4\u8f03\u306f\u56f0\u96e3\u3067\u3042\u308a\uff0c \u6c34\u8edf\u5316\u306e\u6a5f\u69cb\u89e3\u660e\u306b\u306f\u81f3\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\uff0e\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u306f\uff0c\u7551\u5ddd\u7834\u7815\u5e2f\u306b\u7523\u3059\u308b\u30de\u30a4\u30ed\u30ca\u30a4\u30c8\u4e2d\u306e\u518d\u7d50\u6676\u77f3\u82f1\u591a\u7d50\u6676\u4f53\u306e\u8d64\u5916\u30de\u30c3\u30d4\u30f3\u30b0\u6e2c\u5b9a\u304b\u3089\u6c34\u6b20\u9665\u306e\u5206\u5e03\u30fb\u6fc3\u5ea6\u3092\u89e3\u660e\u3067\u304d\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3057\u305f\uff0e\u518d\u7d50\u6676\u77f3\u82f1\u7c92\u306e\u7d30\u7c92\u5316\uff08\u5851\u6027\u6b6a\u306e\u5897\u52a0\uff09\u306b\u4f34\u3044\uff0cH<sub>2<\/sub>O\uff083600~3300cm<sup>-1<\/sup>\uff09\u304a\u3088\u3073SiOH\uff08970~880cm<sup>-1<\/sup>\uff09\u306e\u6fc3\u5ea6\u304c\u5897\u52a0\u3059\u308b\uff0e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u306e\u5909\u5316\u306f\uff0c\u5730\u6bbb\u4e2d\u306b\u306f\u9855\u5fae\u93e1\u30b9\u30b1\u30fc\u30eb\u3067\uff0c\u6c34\u306e\u5206\u5e03\u304c\u4e0d\u5747\u8cea\u3067\u3042\u308a\uff0c\u77f3\u82f1\u7c92\u306e\u7d30\u7c92\u5316\u306b\u4f34\u3044\uff0c\u7c92\u754c\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u6c34\u6b20\u9665\uff08H<sub>2<\/sub>O\uff0cOH\uff09\u6fc3\u5ea6\u304c\u5897\u52a0\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u5506\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff0e\u7c92\u754c\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u6c34\u306f\uff0c\u77f3\u82f1\u306e\u7c92\u754c\u79fb\u52d5\u518d\u7d50\u6676\u3092\u4fc3\u3057\uff0c\u5185\u9678\u5730\u9707\u65ad\u5c64\u306e\u6df1\u90e8\u5ef6\u9577\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\uff0c\u6b6a\u5c40\u6240\u5316\u306e\u4e00\u56e0\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\"><hr>\n<p><strong>Effect of stress state on slow rupture propagation in synthetic fault gouges<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ken-ichi&nbsp;Hirauchi, &nbsp;<strong>Jun Muto<\/strong>, (2015)&nbsp;Observations&nbsp;of&nbsp;the slow rupture process in synthetic fault gouges. <em>Earth Planets Space<\/em>, 67:25,&nbsp;doi:10.1186\/s40623-015-0199-x.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"page\" title=\"Page 1\">\n<div class=\"section\">\n<div class=\"layoutArea\">\n<div class=\"column\">\n<p>Slow slip events (SSEs) in subduction zones are known to proceed so sluggishly that the associated slow ruptures do not generate any detectable radiating seismic waves. Moreover, they propagate at speeds at least four orders of magnitude slower than regular earthquakes. However, the underlying physics of slow slip generation has yet to be understood. Here, we carry out laboratory studies of unstable slip along simulated fault zones of lizardite\/chrysotile (liz\/ctl) and antigorite (i.e., low- and high-temperature serpentine phases, respectively) and olivine, under varying conditions of normal stress, with the aim of better understanding the influence of stress state on the process of slow rupture along the plate interface. During a single unstable slip, we clearly observe a slow rupture phase that is often followed by an unstable, high-speed rupture. We find that lower fault-zone friction coefficients (\u03bc values from 0.7 down to 0.5) lead to increasing degree of the slow rupture mode, and also that the slow rupture velocities (Vr = 0.07 to 5.43 m\/s) are largely consistent with those of short-term SSEs observed in nature. Our findings suggest that the generation of SSEs is facilitated by conditions of low normal stress and low fault-zone strength along the plate interface, which may be weakened by metamorphic reactions that result in the production of hydrous phases (e.g., serpentine) and\/or the direct involvement of fluid itself, leading to a reduction in effective normal stress.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Amorphization of quartz by friction: Implication to silica-gel lubrication of fault surfaces&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Yu Nakamura,&nbsp;<strong>Jun&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>Muto<\/strong>, Hiroyuki Nagahama, Ichiko Shimizu, Takashi Miura &amp; Ichiro Arakawa (2012), Amorphization of quartz by friction: Implication to silica-gel lubrication of fault surfaces.&nbsp;Geophys. Res.&nbsp;Lett.,&nbsp;39, L21303,&nbsp;doi:10.1029\/2012GL053228<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>To understand physico-chemical processes at real contacts (asperities) on fault surfaces, we conducted pin-on-disk friction experiments at room temperature, using single crystalline quartz disks and quartz pins. Velocity weakening from friction coefficient \u03bc 0.6 to 0.4 was observed under apparent normal stresses of 8\u201319 (18 &gt; 19) MPa, when the slip rate was increased from 0.003 to 2.6 m\/s. Frictional surfaces revealed ductile deformation of wear materials. The Raman spectra of frictional tracks showed blue shifts and broadening of quartz main bands, and appearance of new peaks at 490\u2013520 and 610 cm<sup>-1<\/sup>. All these features are indicative of pressure and strain-induced amorphization of quartz. The mapping analyses of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy at room dry conditions suggest selective hydration of wear materials. It is possible that the strained Si-O-Si bridges in amorphous silica preferentially react with water to form silica-gel. In natural fault systems, amorphous materials would be produced at real fault contacts and accumulate over the fault surfaces with displacements. Subsequent hydration would lead to significant reduction of fault strength during slip.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Rheological profiles of the NE Japan island arc-trench system and viscous relaxation after the 2011 Tohoku Oki Earthquake<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Jun Muto<\/strong>&nbsp;(2011)&nbsp;Rheological&nbsp;structure of northeastern Japan lithosphere based on geophysical observations and rock mechanics.&nbsp;Tectonophysics, 503, 201-206.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u6b66\u85e4\u3000\u6f64<\/strong>\u30fb\u5927\u5712\u3000\u771f\u5b50 (2012) \u6771\u65e5\u672c\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6c96\u5730\u9707\u5f8c\u306e\u4f59\u52b9\u5909\u52d5\u89e3\u6790\u306b\u5411\u3051\u305f\u6771\u5317\u65e5\u672c\u5f27\u30ec\u30aa\u30ed\u30b8\u30fc\u65ad\u9762. \u5730\u8cea\u5b66\u96d1\u8a8c \u7279\u96c6\u53f7\uff08\u6771\u5317\u5730\u65b9\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6c96\u5730\u9707 \uff0d\u7d71\u5408\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u306b\u5411\u3051\u3066\uff0d\uff09, 118, 323-333.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Jun&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>Muto<\/strong>, Bunichiro Shibazaki, Yoshihiro Ito, Takeshi Iinuma, Mako Ohzono, Takumi Matsumoto, Tomomi Okada&nbsp;(2013)&nbsp;Two-dimensional viscosity structure of the northeastern Japan island arc-trench system.&nbsp;Geophys. Res.&nbsp;Lett.,&nbsp;40,&nbsp;1\u20135,&nbsp;doi:10.1002\/grl.50906.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Jun&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>Muto<\/strong>, Bunichiro Shibazaki, &nbsp;Takeshi Iinuma,Yoshihiro Ito, Yusaku Ohta, Satoshi Miura, Yoshihiro Nakai (2016)&nbsp;Heterogeneous rheology controlled postseismic deformation of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, doi:10.1002\/2016GL068113.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>A two-dimensional rheological profile crossing the northeastern Japan arc was created to evaluate and distinguish various styles of post-seismic deformation relating to the 2011 Tohoku Oki earthquake (Mw 9.0). The calculated profile is based on recent rock mechanics studies and geophysical observations that explain observed patterns of geodetic strain accumulation and shallow seismicity prior to the earthquake. Viscosities were then calculated assuming stress-change magnitudes commonly associated with interplate earthquakes. Recently derived flow laws for various rocks and minerals predict the presence of weak zones that developed via processes likely operating in the lithosphere (e.g., partial melting and shear zone development). Strain localization into weak zones explains low viscosity estimates (10<sup>18<\/sup>\u201310<sup>20<\/sup>&nbsp;Pa s) from post-seismic creep after inland earthquake events. Our calculations reveal significant lateral variations in strengths and viscosities across the northeastern Japan arc. These viscoelastic lithospheric structures should be taken into account in order to differentiate viscous relaxation from other post-seismic deformation processes. Now we&#8217;re trying to analyze the post-seismic deformation of the Tohoku Oki Earthquake by the rheological profiles taking lithosphere heterogeneity into account!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Using two-dimensional finite element modeling, we reproduced the observed postseismic deformation of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake. Our model, which accounts for the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary and weak zones beneath volcanoes, was able to reproduce small-scale (&lt;20 km) perturbations in postseismic deformation observed by the dense geodetic network, such as local subsidence around Quaternary volcanoes. The inverted afterslip has a peak at the downdip limit of the main rupture region on the subducting plate interface, consistent with physical predictions. The combination of afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation in a heterogeneous rheology model explains the observations well, even on small scales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Effect of dynamic recrystallization on the development of lattice preferred orientation of quartz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Jun&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>Muto<\/strong>, Greg Hirth, Renee Heilbronner &amp; Jan Tullis (2011) Plastic anisotropy and fabric evolution in sheared and recrystallized quartz single crystals.&nbsp;J. Geophys. Res., B02206,&nbsp;doi:10.1029\/2010JB007891.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The effect of a lattice preferred orientation on the flow strength of quartz aggregates dynamically recrystallized from single crystals of synthetic quartz was investigated using general shear experiments in a Griggs apparatus. Experiments were conducted at shear strains (\u03b3) up to 5 at a temperature of 900\u00b0C, confining pressure of 1.5 GPa,and shear strain rate of 10&lt;sup&gt;-5&lt;\/sup&gt; s&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;\/sup&gt;. Three starting orientations of crystal were used, to activate three slip systems: basal&lt;a&gt;, prism [c], and prism&lt;a&gt;, although slip\u2010induced rotation of the crystal axes in the first two orientations led to the activation of additional slip systems. For crystals with higher water contents, basal&lt;a&gt; and prism &lt;a&gt; orientations are relatively weak and prism [c] orientations are stronger. All three initial crystal orientations undergo dynamic recrystallization with increasing shear strain, although the strain required for 100% recrystallization varies: gamma \u2248 2 for prism [c] slip, gamma \u2248 3.8 for basal &lt;a&gt; slip, and gamma \u2248 5 for prism &lt;a&gt; slip. For all three starting orientations, distinct domains of recrystallized grains develop with c axes parallel to Y of the strain ellipsoid (Ymax), replacing recrystallized grains of other orientations; the Ymax domains increase in size with increasing strain. In addition, strain markers show that strain is highly localized within the Ymax domains, indicating geometrical softening of up to an order of magnitude in effective viscosity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div>\n<p><strong>Electric signals related to frictional instability and seismoelectromagnetic phenomena<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Jun&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>Muto<\/strong>, Hiroyuki Nagahama, Takashi Miura &amp; Ichiro Arakawa (2006) Frictional discharge plasma from natural semiconductor\/insulator junctions: origin of&nbsp;seismo- electromagnetic radiation.&nbsp;Phys. Chem. Earth, 31, 346-351.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Jun&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>Muto<\/strong>, Hiroyuki Nagahama, Takashi Miura &amp; Ichiro Arakawa (2006) Frictional discharge from sheared asperity: implication for fractal&nbsp;seismo-electromagnetic radiation.&nbsp;Trans. IEE Jpn.&nbsp;126, 242-243.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Jun&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>Muto<\/strong>, Hiroyuki Nagahama, Takashi Miura &amp; Ichiro Arakawa (2007) Frictional discharge at fault asperities: Origin of fractal&nbsp;seismo-electromagnetic radiation.&nbsp;Tectonophysics,&nbsp;431, 113-122.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Jun&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>Muto<\/strong>, Hiroyuki Nagahama, Takashi Miura &amp; Ichiro Arakawa (2008) Frictional discharge plasma and&nbsp;seismo-electromagnetic phenomena.&nbsp;Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 168, 1-5.<\/li>\n<li>Kumi Onuma,&nbsp;<strong>Jun&nbsp;<\/strong><strong>Muto<\/strong>, Hiroyuki Nagahama &amp; Kenshiro Otsuki (2011) Electric potential changes associated with&nbsp;nucleation&nbsp;of stick-slip of simulated gouges.&nbsp;Tectonophysics, 502, 308-314.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Although several mechanisms of precursory electromagnetic emissions of earthquakes have been pro- posed, there has been no in situ observation of electromagnetic phenomena occurring at the frictional contacts during rock frictions. From an experiment simulating the motion of an asperity on a fault surface, we report the generation of photon emissions around frictional contacts between natural rock minerals. Spectroscopic analysis clarified that the photon emissions are caused by dielectric breakdown of ambient gases (electric-discharge plasma) due to frictional electrification. The plasmas were found to occur under normal stress of 4 MPa and sliding speed of 10<sup>-2<\/sup>&nbsp;m\/s. This indicates that plasma generations do not require high-normal stresses needed to fracture rocks and sliding speeds as high as seismic rates (\u223c1 m\/s). Thus, frictional discharges could occur at microscopic asperities at the onset of the slips of earthquakes, and might be one of the sources of the seismo-electromagnetic emission.<\/p>\n<p>Our friction experiments using simulated gouges detected premonitory changes in electric potential before stick-slip events. These precursor electric signals have been detected both in piezoelectric quartz and non- piezoelectric gabbroic gouges. The changes in the potential were locally detected by electrodes set very close to the fault surface associated with slow slip prior to stick-slip events. The magnitude of electrification is proportional to fault slip associated with gradual stress releases, indicating that the electrification is slip- dependent process. From the detailed microstructural analyses on a representative sample, Riedel (R1) shears known to be formed during stable sliding were the most densely developed around the electrode pair which detected the precursory voltage changes. This indicates that local increases in the voltages were likely caused by frictional electrification due to slow slip on R1 shears in nucleation phases of stick-slip events. Our experimental results imply that natural faults with thicker gouge zones would require greater precursory slips, resulting in larger electric signals in the nucleation phase of earthquakes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u65ad\u5c64\u3001\u5730\u9707\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u5730\u7403\u306e\u8907\u96d1\u3055\u306b\u6311\u3080\uff01 \u5730\u9707\u3084\u5730\u6bbb\u5909\u52d5\u306f\u3001\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u304c\u4fdd\u5b58\u3057\u306a\u3044\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u306a\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3067\u8d77\u3053\u308b\u5730\u7403\uff08\u7279\u306b\u5730\u6bbb\uff09\u306e\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u5909\u5f62\u6d3b\u52d5\u3067\u3059\u3002\u79c1\u306f\u3001\u5ba4\u5185\u3067\u306e\u5ca9\u77f3\u5909\u5f62\u5b9f\u9a13\u3001\u91ce\u5916\u3067\u306e\u5730\u8cea\u8abf\u67fb\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073\u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u305f\u30b7\u30df\u30e5\u30ec\u30fc\u30b7&hellip; <\/p>\n<p><a class=\"moretag\" href=\"https:\/\/muto.nornir.co\/?page_id=8\">\u5168\u6587\u3092\u8aad\u3080<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/muto.nornir.co\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/muto.nornir.co\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/muto.nornir.co\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muto.nornir.co\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muto.nornir.co\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8"}],"version-history":[{"count":47,"href":"https:\/\/muto.nornir.co\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":555,"href":"https:\/\/muto.nornir.co\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8\/revisions\/555"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/muto.nornir.co\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}